Analogy by similarity has been the candidate for this last possibility. Analogical reasoning refers to the process by which knowledge is transferred from one domain to another. Analogical reasoning in the engineering design process and technology education applications jenny daugherty and nathan mentzer introduction this synthesis paper discusses the research exploring analogical reasoning, the role of analogies in the engineering design process, and educational applications for analogical reasoning. Studies that have found an effect of structural similarity on reminding. Similarity and analogical reasoning edited by stella vosniadou and andrew ortony frontmatterprelims. Osherson intraconcept similarity and its implications for interconcept similarity. Similarity and analogical reasoning edited by stella vosniadou and andrew ortony index. Similarity and analogical reasoning edited by stella vosniadou. Alignment and inference projection evaluation similarity is like analogy analogical learning schema abstraction generalization difference detection contrast rerepresentation summary analogical retrieval development of analogical ability supports and pitfalls analogy in the real world. Synthese library studies in epistemology, logic, methodology, and philosophy of. Analogical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
An example of nonanalogical inductive reasoning is. Similarity judgments are always made about presented or represented entities. Reasoning based on precedent, based on rules or moral laws, or based on moral paradigms all depend on determining similarity relations. In the same sense that goodman says that our best inductive practice is a good enough justi cation for an inductive inference, it is possible that a re ned procedure for analogy by similarity may form a primitive constituent of our inferential apparatus, in need of no. Analogical reasoning an overview sciencedirect topics. Similarity and analogy are fundamental in human cognition. It describes a system of carnapian rules on underlying predicate families to model the analogical predictions for this restricted class. Analogical reasoning in the common law grant lamond. Analogical reasoning on chinese morphological and semantic. Analogy and analogical reasoning stanford encyclopedia of. A big and balanced dataset ca8 is then built for this task, including 178 questions. The too many problems of analogical reasoning with word vectors. Pdf an approximate analogical reasoning approach based on. Isbn 05214 362925 hardcover and 0521 389356 papeback.
Analogical reasoning two systems have been theorized to exist within a persons cognitive structure. The rationale for this is that, while analogical reasoning invariably involves a mapping process, it does not always require. Successful learning is generally less dependent on the memorization of isolated facts and abstract rules than it is on the ability to identify relevant bodies of knowledge already stored as the starting point for new learning. The impact of semantic distance and induced stress on. Analogical reasoning is a traditional mode of argument which has been applied in a variety of contexts such as rhetorics, ethics, politics, mythology. Xenia vamvakoussi, in cognitive foundations for improving mathematical learning, 2019.
The too many problems of analogical reasoning with word. Analogy and similarity in scientific reasoning springerlink. It also arises from critical examinations of standard theories in. Start studying the 6 principles of good analogical reasoning. Instead of the usual axiomatic definition, the system is characterized with a bayesian model. However, investigation into analogical reasoning has been largely carried out in the context of problem solving. Jun, 2017 an analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two systems to support the conclusion that some further similarity. Young childrens analogical reasoning across cultures. An experiment is reported in which these two sources of constraints on analogy are placed in.
Analogical reasoning is a method of processing information that compares the similarities between new and understood concepts, then uses those similarities to gain understanding of the new concept. The 2008 mortgage crisis as a failure of analogical reasoning natalya vinokurovay may 6, 20 abstract managers mental models play an important role in shaping a. The development of analogical reasoning in children. Skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Analogical learning and reasoning oxford handbooks. When such a common structure is found, then what is known about one situation can be used to infer new information about the other. Analogical reasoning is an essential aspect of creativity 2 and computational realisations such as 15. The insignificant crosscultural variation is attributed to the similarity in the socioeconomic demographics in the australian and u. The distinguished contributors examine the psychological processes involved in reasoning by similarity and analogy, the computational problems encountered in simulating analogical processing in problem solving, and the conditions promoting the application of analogical reasoning in everyday situations. We present a series of experiments with two popular vsms glove and word2vec to show. The plan of the chapter is, first, to describe the core structuremapping theory of.
Similarity and analogical reasoning semantic scholar. Similarity and analogical reasoning, stella vosniadou and andrew ortony eds, 1989. Holyoak c a department of education and department of psychology and social behavior, university of california, irvine, irvine, ca 92697, usa. Similarity and analogical reasoning book, 1989 worldcat. An analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two systems to support the conclusion that some further similarity exists. Holyoak c a department of education and department of psychology and social behavior. Cambridge university press 05289356 similarity and analogical reasoning edited by stella vosniadou and. Analogical reasoning the ability to perceive and use relational similarity between two situations or events is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Structural similarity is used by the mapping and transfer processes in analogical by. Your use of the jstor archive indicates your acceptance of.
Similarities and differences article pdf available in journal of experimental child psychology 10512. In general but not always, such arguments belong in the category of ampliative reasoning. So, thats analogical reasoning and categorybased induction. Analogical reasoning has been the subject of numerous academic. Analogical predictions for explicit similarity springerlink. Study and practice logical reasoning aptitude similarities and differences online for logical reasoning practice and upgrade your knowledge. They can also use the similarity in salient properties between two systems as a vehicle for discovering similarities in their explanatory structure. Abstractanalogical reasoning is a pervasive feature of the common law, yet its structure and rational force is much disputed by legal theorists, some of whom are sceptical that it has any rational. Some aspects of analogical reasoning in mathematical.
This is partly because of an interest of artificial intelligence researchers in simulating learning processes using analogy. The impact of semantic distance and induced stress on analogical reasoning. Mathematical and analogical reasoning of young learners. Pdf an approximate analogical reasoning approach based. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
On a scene analogy task, both groups had adequate prerequisite knowledge of the key relations, were the same age. The 6 principles of good analogical reasoning flashcards. Vosniadou and ortony, similarity and analogical reasoning. Once an analogical mapping has been done, the analogy and its inferences are judged. In the next post on reasoning, ill talk about mental models, which are designed to deal with the types of reasoning ive discussed so far, as well as all sorts of other types. The distinction thus crucially depends on the goal of the problem solver.
In the last few years, there has been an enormous amount of activity in the study of analogy and metaphor. We begin with mapping, the core process in analogical reasoning, and its subprocesses, reserving retrieval for later. Analogical reasoning is usually defined as the argument from known similarities between two things to the existence of further similarities. The too many problems of analogical reasoning with word vectors anna rogers dept. This paper suggests that persistent mental models or cognitive frames can have negative consequences at the individual, organizational, and. This paper concerns exchangeable analogical predictions based on similarity relations between predicates, and deals with a restricted class of such relations. The basic intuition behind analogical reasoning is. A neurocomputational account michael vendetti barbara j. The plan of the chapter is, first, to describe the core structuremapping theory of analogical mapping, using a computer simulation. This work introduces the importance of similarity and analogy to philosophy, argues that analogy should be seen as similarity based reasoning, overviews different philosophical discussions to illustrate the scope of similaritybased reasoning, and introduces the assumptions for similaritybased reasoning that form the central topics of. Inductive analogy is different from the usual case of induction, which occurs by enumeration.
Cambridge university press 05289356 similarity and analogical reasoning edited by stella vosniadou and andrew ortony. Of course, both constraints are rather weak and can be better described as pressures on the mapping. Analogy is a kind of similarity in which the same system of relations holds across different objects. The 2008 mortgage crisis as a failure of analogical reasoning. Theories of analogical reasoning have viewed relational structure as the dominant determinant of analogical mapping and inference, while assigning lesser importance to similarity between individual objects.
Analogical reasoning, psychology of northwestern university. Because even presented entities are perceived and inter preted in terms of an existing set of concepts. Analogical reasoning is effective in capturing linguistic regularities. The abilities include analogical reasoning, attention, working memory, selection and use of strategies, and domainspecific knowledge. Pdf similarity and analogical reasoning stella vosniadou. Analogies thus capture parallels across different situations. An analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two systems to support the conclusion that some further similarity. Analogy in learning and reasoning dedre gentner northwestern university supported by onr cognitive science program, award n00014921098. In general but not always, such arguments belong in the category of. An analogical argument is an explicit representation of a form of analogical reasoning that cites accepted similarities between two systems to. An approximate analogical reasoning approach based on similarity measures. A computational model of similarity assessment in the context of analogical reasoning is proposed.
Wellknown cognitive scientists examine the psychological processes involved in reasoning by similarity and analogy, the computational problems encountered in simulating analogical processing in problem solving, and the conditions promoting the application of analogical reasoning in everyday situations. This computation is restricted by an axiomatic framework realizing properties of similarity assessments by humans and analogical reasoning and exploits the semantics of three common conceptual. Reasoning based on precedent, based on rules or moral. It turns out that the theoretical distinctions necessary for talking about analogical mapping are also useful for talking about other analogical subprocesses. Rumelhart, 1981, views the process of judging similarity as one of establishing alignments between the parts of compared entities. Thagard, 1989 and interactive activation models of perception j.
Analogical reasoning in the engineering design process and. It is a form of inductive reasoning because it strives to provide understanding of what is likely to be true, rather than deductively proving something as fact. Accordingly, acquisition of fully developed analogical reasoning seems likely to require both. Transfer learning by structural analogy huayan wang computer science department stanford university.
Cambridge university press 05289356 similarity and. Analogical reasoning is any type of thinking that relies upon an analogy. Reasoning and learning by analogy introduction dedre gentner. Estimating analogical similarity by dotproducts of holographic reduced representations 1111 in any case, surface features appear to influence the likelihood of a reminding far more than do structural features. Pdf varieties of analogical reasoning researchgate. Likewise, similarity and analogical reasoning plays an important role in the way we conceive of ethics under nearly all popular ethical theories.
After delving into chinese lexical knowledge, we sketch 68 implicit morphological relations and 28 explicit semantic relations. Similarity and analogical reasoning edited by stella vosniadou july 1989. Synthese library studies in epistemology, logic, methodology, and philosophy of science, vol 197. Kidsfront has developed online study material of logical reasoning practice logical reasoning aptitude similarities and differences lesson, available for free. Holyoak in a study of reasoning with fourterm verbal analogy problems, we explored the relationship between the effects of an acute, mild stressor and the complexity of the reasoning process. They are crucial for recognition and classification, and have been associated with scientific discovery and creativity. An alternative approach, inspired jointly by work in analogical reasoning d.
677 241 1111 1354 873 783 1474 235 1264 1022 615 1469 552 698 1343 654 809 108 11 1462 359 345 1510 657 136 739 954 317 927 476 940 976 1512 316 507 120 914 181 1001 464 778 1408 874